characteristics of bantu languages pdf

(2008) Shekgalagari Grammar: A Descriptive Analysis of the Language and its Vocabulary. (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . D. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Olson, K. S. Bantu - McGill University The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Special mention may be made of Carl Meinhofs work in the 1890s, in which he sought to reconstruct what he called ur-Bantu (the words underlying contemporary Bantu forms), and the descriptive work carried out by Clement Doke and the Department of Bantu Studies at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, in the period 192353. Xhosa S41 has five accompaniments, three of which are the same as in Zulu S42. In this paper, we describe important characteristics and major actional distinctions attested across Bantu languages. 2007, Miller et al. Kodzasov, S. V. Journal of West African Languages Liljencrants, J. E. D. (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. Makasso, E.-M. (eds. 1951. 1981, Poulos 1990). Rialland Segebarth 1989, Pongweni 1990). (2008) Phonetics of Intonation in South African Bantu Languages. Each point represents the mean of between six and 21 tokens of phonetically long vowels in penultimate position in words spoken by a male speaker. Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe (eds. Zsiga, E. C. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. African Languages and Cultures (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). Vol. & & 17(2): 6581. Figure 3.2 , Downing, L. J. Frota, S. | Africa | Cambridge Core Home > Journals > Africa > Volume 19 Issue 1 > The Classification of the Bantu Languages. The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. Recording courtesy of Constance Kutsch Lojenga. That is, the back non-low vowels are rounded, and the low and front vowels are unrounded. . (eds. Reports and Papers, 211234. Bostoen, K. You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. This type of segment might well be described as an aspirated voiceless nasal. The waveform of an intervocalic bilabial implosive in Tonga S62 is shown in Pretoria: Via Afrika. Language locations are estimated following Maho (2009) and Gieseke and Seifert (2007). The Bantu Languages (1996) The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi. A. High front vowels condition tap allophones of /l/ in Ganda JE15 (Myers 2015) and Tsonga S53 (Bennett & Lee 2015), and of /r/ in the Washili variety of Ngazidja G44a (Patin 2013). Van de Velde, M. , A Bantu five-vowel system consisting of /i a u/ has been described for Soga JE16 (Nabirye et al. Myers, S. 2002, Bostoen 2008). Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. D. Sells Gowlett, D. F. Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. Polar or mid tones are found in Holoholo D28 and Nyanga D43. M. E. Figure 3.33 ed. PDF CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 1.1 The Xitsonga language (2014) Bantu Spirantization Is a Reflex of Vowel Spirantization. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Staubs Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). Makuya Gussenhoven Hyman F. Nathan Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. PDF Chapter 2. Morphosyntax of Swahili Introduction N. Maddieson Bostoen Idiatov (1997) Essai sur la phonologie panchronique des parlers fang du Gabon et ses implications historiques. Voicing is continuous through the closure; upper and lower lines have been constructed on the figure linking respectively the positive and negative peaks in the waveform in order to dramatise the growing amplitude of the voicing during the closure. Nande . J. In High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). Shah , van der Merwe In (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. Amsterdam: Institute for Functional Research into Language and Language Use. Edition 1st Edition. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. , ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. (eds. In Zulu the passive form is marked by the suffix -wa, as in thanda love and thandwa be loved; the reciprocal by -an, e.g., thand-an-a love one another; the causative by -is, e.g., thand-is-a; the applied form (for, on behalf of) by -el, e.g., thand-el-a; the intensive by -isis, e.g., thand-isis-a love exceedingly; and the diminutive by reduplication. Limanski Swahili, which is spoken by five million people as a mother tongue and some 30 million as a second language, is a Bantu lingua franca important in both commerce and literature. Journal of Phonetics (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. (ed. In shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. (2011) Perceived Vowel Duration in Civili: Minimal Pairs and the Effect of Post-Vocalic Voicing. J. . A. Downing, L. J. Nasal vowels are not particularly common in the Bantu languages, but are found in certain mostly western areas, for example in Ngungwel B72a of the Teke group (Paulian 1994), in Umbundu R11 (Schadeberg 1982), in Gyele A801 (Renaud 1976) and in a few words in the Bitam variety of Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997). I. . Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. & This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. Mbalangwe K401 has clicks, but whether it is a sociolect of Subiya K42 (Maho 1998: 51) or of Yeyi (Baumbach 1997: 307) is unclear. Riad, T. C. VOT differs, as expected, between voiced, voiceless unaspirated and aspirated stop categories in Kgalagari S311, and it also varies by place of articulation within each category. Myers, S. & Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. A widespread characteristic of Bantu phonology is vowel height harmony (broadly construed). Belgian Journal of Linguistics The gesture is also timed differently from ordinary labialisation in that it covers the fricative duration rather than being primarily realised as an offglide; hence whistling fricatives can themselves be labialised in their release phase. , in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. (1996) Final Lowering in Kipare. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. Charette She reports that the labial closure is formed first. Jouannet, F. & & 4 (1937), pp. Kuperus, J. The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in Maho, J. F. Although lip positions have not been reported for Tshwa S51, the acoustic findings are similar to those in Tsonga S53 in that the whistling fricatives have narrower spectral peak bandwidths and lower spectral peak frequencies when compared to their non-whistled fricative counterparts (Shosted 2006). & A. Kolossa Sande & (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Figure 3.21 C. & Detailed studies of this type not only illuminate the individual language studied but may provide insights into diachronic issues. Persson, J. 121(15): 21202152. ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Hyman, L. M. The means are 248 Hz for /i/, 313 Hz for //, 277 Hz for /u/, and 334 Hz for //. (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. The Southern Bantu Languages Handbook of African Languages (2017) How Do You Whisper a Click? It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. The three front vowels and the three back vowels can therefore be distinguished one from another solely by height. (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. Differences in lip posture appear to enhance the contrast between labio-dental /f v/ and labial fricatives / / in Kwangali K33 and in Manyo K332 (Ladefoged 1990). 4: 85165. (1987), we understand true depression to consist of a special laryngeal posture consistent with very low pitch co-produced with the consonant it is associated with. 28(2): 215239. | Privacy policy The typical pattern for dental/alveolar contrasts is that the dentals are laminal while the alveolars are apical. , Figure 3.31 & Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. Phonetica Fragment C is the voiced portion of the vowel /a/. (1923) A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language. London; New York: Routledge. Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. Peak negative pressure in the three click types of Zulu S42 means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers. Mkanganwi, K. G. In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. Bako Figure 3.22 (2007) Unresolved Issues in the Representation and Phonetic Description of Click Articulation in Xhosa and Zulu. | Promotions (eds. M. . , Downing, L. J. Proctor, M. A. Soga JE16 follows this pattern, as shown in the palatograms in Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. , G.-M. The fragment marked B has voiceless oral airflow, with resonances similar to those of the following /a/ vowel. Zsiga (CASAS Book Series, No. Hubbard (1994, 1995) also compared the durations of vowels in three further languages with different patterns. (2010) Tongue Body and Tongue Root Shape Differences in Nuu Clicks Correlate with Phonotactic Patterns. & A monumental four-volume classification of Bantu languages, Comparative Bantu (196771), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholarsincluding those who disagree with Guthries proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions. R. A. Hombert, J. M. In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). Tsoutios P. Downing, L. J. Berlin: Language Science Press. Coetzee, A. W. Ndendeule N101 has no long vowels and no lengthening. & (eds. Hombert Figure 3.30 Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. & & Language Documentation and Conservation P. & Each point represents the mean of between seven and 27 tokens of unreduced stem-initial vowels spoken by a male speaker. Myers, S. ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Paulo Hadi E. Manuel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States Bantu languages are dialects spoken in the central and southern Africa. V. (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. & (2014) The whistled Fricative in Xitsonga: Its Articulation and Acoustics. & A.-M. A. Huffman, M. K. Click consonants do not occur Herero R31, Umbundu R11, Totela K41 or Lozi K21, nor are they found in languages of the Wambo R20 cluster, such as Kwanyama R21, Mbalanhu R214 and Ndonga R22. Updates? Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. Figure 3.34 ), Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, 245279. In (1982) Fonetika Tabasaranskogo jazyka. Among phoneticians, the Bantu languages have a reputation as not having many interesting features, with the exception of the clicks introduced in some languages of the southern area. This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). (eds. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Yaound: SIL Cameroon. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. Haacke, W. H. G. 2014:165). M. In Cheucle, M. Hamlaoui This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. M. Martin EPG frames showing the releasing phase of a post-alveolar click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. In In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). Ziervogel, D. In (2007) Tongue Body Constriction Differences in Click Types. Figure 3.29 The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Valle Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab T. Davey, A. Personal or student reference I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Benefit library's collection Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, Affiliation (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. ), Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining, 215224. Figure 3.25 M. I. (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. The relationship between the seven vowels of Vove B305 is notably different, as demonstrated in Passy, P. K. Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. Barnard Twelve Bantu languages are spoken by more than five million people, including Rundi, Rwanda, Shona, Xhosa, and Zulu. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. Ewen 8: 525562. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of African Linguistics 47, University of California, Berkeley. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Gunnink, H. Pitch contours illustrating effects of non-depressor and depressor /h/ in Swati S43 (male speaker). T. N. Lee, S. J. (1986) Compensatory Lengthening and Consonant Gemination in Luganda. Source: Images made available by Bryan Gick (cf. 2003), though they are typically produced with an abrupt or unaffricated release in Khoisan languages. Figure 3.32 Miller, A. Fehn Yoder In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Kerford (ed. In Bantu, this is typically not the case; the vocal folds are in the normal position for voicing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Bantu languages | Definition, Characteristics, & Facts One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. (1987) on depressor consonants in Zulu S42. Figure 3.4 ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. Goedemans (1988) Speaker Variation and Phonation Type in Tsonga. & The [-ATR] high & Figure 3.17 An interesting issue is therefore whether the Bantu languages, particularly those with seven or more vowels, make use of the ATR feature in this phonetic sense. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Similarly, /, Kingston, J. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. A. Louw, 5991. Monaka Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Each point represents the average of measurements of at least 30 tokens of the vowel from one male speaker reading a text. , ), Handbook of Click Languages. Finch Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. (1997) The Dispersion-Focalization Theory of Vowel Systems. In An acoustic plot of these vowels is given in Boyer , Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. , & The high vowels /i/ and/u/ are lower and more centralised than those in Xhosa S41 and Kalanga S16 and could be transcribed [] and [], respectively. Allwood, J. Online publication date: January 2019. & The palatal click type may be found as a variant of // used in child-directed speech in Zulu and Xhosa (Bradfield 2014: 27). (2007) Guttural Vowels and Guttural Coarticulation. New York: Springer. 27: 6580. In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. & (eds. Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. & The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. Y. Rialland Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. , Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati-cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. . 10(4): 166172. 38(3): 404421. 2003), including several contrasts which are not found in other Bantu languages. Guthrie classification of Bantu languages In Demolin et al. 48(4): 839862. & L. (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. A. This can be seen by the converging F2 and F3 transitions at the end of the first vowel, (as indicated by the arrow), which indicate a velar constriction. Paper presented at Sound Change in Interacting Human Systems, 3rd Biennial Workshop on Sound Change, May (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. The last of these was often described as palatal in older literature. Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI). (forth.). van Schaik. M. 11(2): 206223. Pakendorf , In (eds.) & In Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. Berkeley Linguistics Society Rous Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. Redford, M. A. Figure 3.21 Abstract Professor Guthrie's Comparative Bantu is so impressive in its general layout, so rich in data and so rigorous in its techniques that it constitutes, after such contributions as those of. Demolin, D. Brenzinger, M. The paper . In these words there is noticeably breathy phonation during part of the consonant and at the vowel onset which is transcribed as []. Seifert Makuya Moore-Cantwell (1970) The Augment in the Bantu languages. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. Phonetica The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. (2002) Voice Quality Differences Associated with Stops and Clicks in Xhosa. In this particular token there is a long lag between the time the velar closure is made and when the front closure is sealed, about 80 ms later. Lammert In addition, many have only H and L in their outputs, e.g. . Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. Kim, S.-A. Sands In South-East Bantu languages, three contrastive click types are found, and probably no more than seven accompaniments are used. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. & . Journal of Phonetics & Nurse, D. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. x Clicks do not occur in Venda S21 (Ziervogel et al. Laine (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. Wetzels, L. W. (1989) The Parentage and Development of Lozi. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. | How to buy van Zanten Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. In Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. . Lyon: Universit Lumire-Lyon2, PhD. Wesi Egert, M. vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. (2015) The phonological systems of the Mbam languages of Cameroon with a focus on vowels and vowel harmony. Next, the closure at the front and/or side of the mouth is released (timestep 4) and the abrupt equalisation of air pressures inside and outside the mouth results in a sharp acoustic transient. Borland, C. H. K. Figure 3.1 ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. (1991) Articulatory Phonology and Sukuma aspirated nasals. In For instance, there are languages with and without downdrift, though the former are more common (Downing & Rialland 2016b). Maganga, C. S. (1990) What Do We Symbolize? 46(2): 235246. Schadeberg, T. C. Sock, R. Fisch, M. Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). Kula (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. 42: 175187. Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. Mathangwane, J. T. Louw, J. The Bantu Languages, 2019. Dotted vertical lines separate the major phonetic components of the first syllable. Merrill , A. (1990) Depression Without Depressors. Sands, B. Articulatory positions of six of the vowels of Fang A75 (variety of Bitam). The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. In Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. (1896) tudes sur les langues du Haut-Zambze. J. 19(2): 113135. (1967) Bantu Grammatical Reconstructions. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. ), The Bantu Languages, 475500. In & This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). This kind of display closely parallels the traditional auditorily based vowel space based on perceived height and backness values used, for example, in the IPA Handbook (1999), but has the advantage of being based on verifiable measurement. 15(4): 186191. Brugman 3: 19811984. The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. Corpus studies of Bantu languages are currently few in number (Prinsloo & de Schryver 2001, Niesler et al. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. Myers, S. Figure 3.23 Glasgow: University of Glasgow, retrieved from. & Louw Doke, C. M. Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. & shows a spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket spoken in isolation. 2014, Braver 2017). & & The ejection is generally weak compared to that found in languages of the Afro-Asiatic family, except for Ilwana E701 where the ejectives are in borrowed Cushitic vocabulary, and the ejective lateral affricate of Zulu S42 mentioned earlier. In She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Rialland Figure 3.35 In 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. Bennett, W. G. K. Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages. Diachronica 38(4): 604615. Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. (2016) Intonation in Bemba. Moshi , Stem-initial syllables typically have a greater number of segmental contrasts than found elsewhere (Downing 2010). Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. (2010) Accent in African Languages. 54: 93108. Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. & There is evidence for post-nasal fortition rather than devoicing in the Ngwato S31c variety (Gouskova et al. In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. Figure 3.5 . Corrections? M. (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. (eds. (1989) Dental and Alveolar Stops in KiMvita Swahili: An Electropalatographic Study. , Figure 3.6 In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu.

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