sodium ferric edta vs iron phosphate

University and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (cooperative agreement 15708-41-5 : Codex GSFA Online. Selecting which iron chelate to use - MSU Extension "Equilibria of Metal Chelates in Soil Solution." Before Slug Bait Plus: Iron Phosphate and Spinosad. The information presented is current as of January 13, 2021. Prepared by: Metaldehyde works very quickly to kill slugs, but is also very toxic to dogs and other creatures that might feed on it. Ferric carboxymaltose: a review of its use in iron-deficiency anaemia. 2014 Mar;9(3):543-52. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05170513. Ferric sodium EDTA works almost like iron phosphate but quicker, killing slugs and snails in about three days. In PARNUTS and food supplements ferric sodium EDTA would provide up to 22.3 mg iron/day (children) and 11.1 mg/day (adults). Some drugs, including anti-cancer agents, are directly cytotoxic to cells. Kimmel J, Fleming P, Cuellar S, Anderson J, Haaf CM. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Given the dynamic nature of the status of a chelated molecule of EDTA, the Technical Review's conclusion seems reasonable. of water per acre is effective (Poh et al. Primary outcomes were change in TSAT and ferritin from baseline to 12 weeks. Fullerton, T. 2004. Inorganic water-soluble micronutrient application to the soil is often ineffective for correcting micronutrient disorders. Other studies of spinosads effectiveness include thrips, leafminers, spider mites, mosquitoes, ants, and fruit flies. PDF To: the National Organic Program (NOP) Date: October 16, 2012 Read the full disclaimer on the privacy policy page. chelated Zn in 100 gal. What is the role of EDTA-Na2 in sodium phosphate buffer? Thats why its best to apply slug and snail bait before planting seedlings or cuttings. Heimbach et al. Cold compresses cause vasoconstriction, limiting the spread of the extravasated drug. Clinical trial registry name and registration number: FOIA The low water solubility of iron phosphate gives these slug bait pellets longevity in rainy areas. Hudson, OH: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2021. http://onlinelexi.com. These materials find few technical applications as well as occurring in the mineral kingdom. The stability of three typical chelated Fe fertilizers varies at different pH conditions (Figure 4, A). Sodium edta | Sigma-Aldrich The EPA and independent tests have shown iron phosphate slug baits as basically harmless to mammals, birds, fish, and worms when used as directed. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies "The Effect of pH on the Kinetics of Spontaneous Fe (II) Oxidation by O2 in Aqueous Solution Basic Principles and a Simple Heuristic Description." Nephrol Dial Transplant. Chelated fertilizer stability is desired because it means the chelated micronutrient will remain in a bioavailable form for a much longer time period, thus increasing micronutrient use efficiency in vegetable and fruit production. It can be used to make sure there are no free divalent cations in the . If the soil cannot meet the CNR, chelated sources need to be used. [10], In iron chelation therapy, deferoxamine, has been used to treat excess iron stores, i.e. Management of drug extravasations. That of DTPA chelated Fe is only 0.5, and that of EDTA chelated Fe is only 0.025. EDTA (and other chelating agents) address this problem, by forming soluble complexes that resist formation of hydroxides. Garden Safe slug bait pellets use iron phosphate to bait and kill slugs and snails in the garden. Common synthetic and natural chelate compounds (ligands). Iron(III) phosphate is not allowed as food additive in the European Union. Iron from ferric sodium EDTA is 2 to 3 times more bioavailable than from other mineral sources. However, vesicants are differentiated from non-vesicants in that they can cause tissue necrosis, blistering, and ulceration. Spinosad has been certified for use in organic agriculture since 2003 by the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) and is OMRI listed. Bill Argo and Paul Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in CKD and End-Stage Kidney Disease. The Best Slug Killers of 2023 - Recommendations from Bob Vila [citation needed]. Revised September 2015, December 2018, and June 2022. Conclusions: Extravasation of xenobiotics. We randomized 60 adults with moderate to severe CKD (eGFR 15-45 ml/min per 1.73 m 2) and iron deficiency (transferrin saturation [TSAT] 30% and ferritin 300 ng/ml) to ferric citrate (2 g three times a day with meals, n=30) or ferrous sulfate (325 mg three times a day, n=30) for 12 weeks. of water per acre can effectively correct Mn deficiency (Table 5). included. Each of the ligands (Table 1) can form a chelated fertilizer with one or more micronutrients. The .gov means its official. Sodium iron EDTA. In group B combination of sodium feredetate (containing 66 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. [6][7], The most common form of FePO4 adopts the structure of -quartz. If the solution turns brown, the bioavailable form of iron has been oxidized and Fe is therefore unavailable to plants. Elevate the affected limb to minimize swelling and encourage resorption of the drug via the lymphatic system. Effect of Ferric Citrate versus Ferrous Sulfate on Iron and Phosphate Parameters in Patients with Iron Deficiency and CKD: A Randomized Trial Clin J Am Soc . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Spinosad is organic and added to Sluggo Plus to control a variety of garden pests. Plants Resonance 8(7): 4653. Yes, because baits have ingredients that dogs like. If your garden is also suffering from pests such as the notorious cutworm, you may consider using spinosad to control them. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Ferric sodium EDTA The newest active ingredient used in slug and snail baits, Ferric sodium EDTA (chelated iron phosphate) is a chelated form of an iron compound made with a chemical EDTA, which makes the iron more readily available to kill slugs and snails. Crop susceptibility to the above micronutrient deficiencies depends on the plant species and cultivar. The safest way to apply slug bait is to scatter it around the perimeter of your garden area. other information on the pesticide label or any other regulatory MnEDTA in 200 gal. Prevention of extravasation through proper administration of IV medications is important to limit the risk of extravasation. Sluggo works great for us in Hawaii because it remains effective after rainfall. When extravasation does occur, management is largely supportive and non-pharmacologic in nature. Plants typically utilize iron as ferrous iron (Fe2+). ACR Manual on Contrast Media 2020. For vesicant drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, the incidence has been reported to range from 0.01% to 6%.2. We randomized 60 adults with moderate to severe CKD (eGFR 15-45 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and iron deficiency (transferrin saturation [TSAT] 30% and ferritin 300 ng/ml) to ferric citrate (2 g three times a day with meals, n=30) or ferrous sulfate (325 mg three times a day, n=30) for 12 weeks. Introduction. Commercial crops can be categorized into three susceptibility groups: high, medium, and low. Chemosphere 68(11): 20802084. Pesticide labels have information on how to use products correctly and legally. Deciduous fruits need 0.10.2 lb. 4. https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Contrast-Manual, Each vial of dexrazoxane must be mixed with the supplied diluent to a concentration of 10 mg/mL, Withhold cold compress 15 minutes prior to infusion, Vial contains 150 units per 1 mL or 200 units per 1 mL depending on manufacturer, Inject from 15 to 150 units of the hyaluronidase solution as 5 separate injections, each containing 0.2 mL to 1 mL hyaluronidase, Use 2 mL of the prepared solution for each 1 mg drug extravasated, 50% solution (99% solution reported in literature, but not available in US), Apply topically to site for 7 to 14 days and allow to dry, 5 to 10 mg in 10 to 20 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, Use a 25-gauge needle to inject at multiple sites within the affected area (change needle with each injection), 1-inch strip applied to site of ischemia, can redose every 8 hours as necessary, Use a 25-gauge needle to inject locally across symptomatic sites (change needle with each injection). The formation of Fe(III)-EDTA (FeY) can be described as follows: FeSO47H2O + K2H2Y + 1/4 O2 K[FeY(H2O)].H2O + KHSO4 + 5.5 H2O (1)[8], Iron chelate has also been used as a bait in the chemical control of slugs, snails and slaters in agriculture in Australia and New Zealand. To be most effective, products containing the active ingredients metaldehyde, ferric sodium EDTA, or iron phosphate should be broadcast or spread, not piled, near areas where the mollusks are causing damage (Figure 3). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Iron phosphate is much safer but also much slower acting. CAS No. Sodium ferric EDTA: The newest generation of slug and snail controls rely on the active ingredient sodium ferric EDTA, the key ingredient in Corry's Slug & Snail Killer ready-to-use pellets. Neudorff's patented formula is also known as Ferramol and 76 Sluggo. Garden Safe Slug & Snail Bait: Kills Slugs & Snails. Copyright 2020 by the American Society of Nephrology. No loss of iron occurred below pH 6. Accidental poisonings can happen even after eating small amounts of bait. So, in practice, EDDTA chelated Fe fertilizer is most effective when pH is greater than 7 but most costly. Table 1. Buter J, Steele KT, Chung KC, Elzinga K. Extravasation injury from chemotherapy and other non-antineoplastic vesicants. Cytotoxic agents can be further subdivided into DNA-binding and nonDNA-binding agents. Iron chelate is commonly used for agricultural purposes to treat chlorosis, a condition in which leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll. UIC's seven health sciences colleges and health care delivery enterprise. Formulated iron phosphate and ferric sodium EDTA molluscicides look very similar, so it is important to check the label to be certain the product is applied at the appropriate rates. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium salt - Sigma-Aldrich Would you like email updates of new search results? Aside from ferric EDTA, iron complex of EDDHA is used to make the iron soluble in water and, for the purposes of agriculture, accessible to plants. Fig. Brown garden snail.baits used in the landscaping industry have been those containing metaldehyde as the active ingredient. Spinosad is found present in fermentation juices of the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. With chelation (aqua surrounded by blue), micronutrients first move into the mesophyll and then release micronutrients. Most websites still claim that iron phosphate is perfectly safe since it is natural and organic, but they ignore the EDTA component which is common in many slug baits these days. Drugs. whether used with ferric phosphate or as sodium ferric hydroxyl EDTA. Iron phosphate is much less toxic to dogs, but also takes longer, as much as seven days, to kill slugs. EDTA chelates (binds) divalent cations such as Mg 2+, Zn 2+, and Cu 2+. 2022 Apr;37(4):777-788. doi: 10.1007/s00467-021-05191-9. Ferric sodium EDTA works almost like iron phosphate but quicker, killing slugs and snails in about three days. [6] [7] Structure pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed The aim of study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two doses of sodium feredetate with ferrous fumarate in improving haemoglobin profile in pregnant anaemic women. Careers. Rainfall-resistant. iron ion determines, as pH increases, how long the iron ion will When using slug baits follow all of the manufacturers instructions and warnings on the label. Morgan, B., and O. Lahav. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02834402. These materials find few technical applications as well as occurring in the mineral kingdom. Provided the nutrient solution in which the [Fe(EDTA)(H2O)] complex will be used has a pH of at least 5.5, all the uncomplexed iron, as a result of incomplete synthesis reaction, will still change into the chelated ferric form. We recommend using the latest version of IE11, Edge, Chrome, Firefox or Safari. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Careers. Selected vegetable and fruit crop species' relative susceptibility* to some micronutrient deficiencies. [1], Together with pentetic acid (DTPA), EDTA is widely used for sequestering metal ions. Anhydrous iron phosphate has been investigated as an intercalation electrode in a lithium-ion battery despite having low electronic conductivity. OMRI listed for organic gardening. For instance, for vegetables, the rate is usually 0.41 lb. Chelation keeps a micronutrient from undesirable reactions in solution and soil. However, ferric sodium EDTA may be harmful for humans and pets if ingested in quantity,and is toxic to soil microlife and aquatic arthropods, which is why care should be taken when using it. 22 (Revised 2nd Edition) of the Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops. Get rid of excess debris, dead leaves and other damp materials that may create habitat for slugs and snails. As such the material consists of tetrahedral Fe(III) and phosphate sites. Farnham Royal, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, pp. Epub 2006 May 30. Iron phosphate coatings are commonly used in preparation for painting or powder coating, in order to increase adhesion to the iron or steel substrate, and prevent corrosion, which can cause premature failure of subsequent coating processes. While Ferric sodium EDTA is recognized as safe, concerns about the high availability of iron have been raised and negative effects on earthworms. You may also contact your local veterinarian. Federacin Mexicana de Colegios de Obstetricia y Ginecologa]. Could snail bait hurt my dog? - Oregon State University Wang RY. (H 2 O) 2. Synonym(s): Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron(III) sodium salt, EDTA iron(III) sodium salt, Edathamil, Komplexon . When applied as a cathode material for. Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition. Given the dynamic nature of the status of a chelated molecule of EDTA, the Technical Review's conclusion seems reasonable. Sodium ferric EDTA | C10H12FeN2NaO8 - PubChem government site. Table 2. between Oregon State "Role of Chelation in Micronutrient Availability." The more bonds, called ligands, that According to data presented by Norvel (Equilibria of Metal Chelates in Soil Solution, in Micronutrients in Agriculture, Ferric EDTA is used as a photographic bleach to convert silver metal into silver salts, that can later be removed. The content and density of the total solution at 20 degrees are also provided. Rainfall-resistant. This article summarizes the latest recommendations for treatment of extravasation, and updates a similar article prepared by our group in 2015. (H2O)2. Sodium ferric EDTA | C10H12FeN2NaO8 | CID 56840845 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological . By strictly following label instructions, you can. Osmolality is also a consideration, as differences in osmotic pressure can damage endothelial cells, leading to potential for drug leakage from vessels. InChI=1S/Fe.H3O4P/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+3;/p-3, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their. What are current recommendations for treatment of drug extravasation However, Ferric sodium EDTA has been shown as being. Their effectiveness differs significantly. Comparison of foliar applications of chelated Fe, regular iron fertilizers, and no iron fertilization for correcting iron deficiency of lychee. Certain drugs cause vasospasms, which result in back pressure at the intravenous (IV) site and may expand the puncture site in the vein, allowing leakage to occur; drugs that act as vasoconstrictors can also cause tissue ischemia. For more information about snail and slug management, see Pest Notes: Snails and Slugs. Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Comparison of Ferric Sodium EDTA in - MDPI It is added to Metaldehyde slug baits as a deterrent to ingestion. Patients were divided into 3 groups and drugs administered accordingly. Results: Madison, WI: Soil Science Association of America. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Chelated iron can prevent this conversion from Fe2+ to Fe3+. Metaldehyde has been widely reported on for its dangers to humans and wildlife (see Metaldehyde Toxicosis). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The iron-regulated transporter 1 (IRT1) gene, natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene and divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) gene regulates ferric iron (Fe 2+) in plasma membrane of root system.The iron-regulated genes Fe-deficiency induced transcription factor 1 (FIT1), iron-regulated transporter 1 (IRT1), oligopeptide transporter 3 (OPT3), basic leucine zipper . The organic ligand around the chelated micronutrient can penetrate the wax layer, thus increasing iron uptake (Figure 2). New Snail and Slug Active Ingredient Available - ANR Blogs Ferrous sulfate, which is not a chelated fertilizer, is often used as the iron source. Iron deficiency often occurs if soil pH is greater than 7.4. Recently a new active ingredient, ferric sodium EDTA, has become available for both home use and professional pest management. The sequestered iron is available to the ericaceous plants, without adjusting the soil's pH, and thus, lime-induced chlorosis is prevented. requirements, nor does it necessarily reflect the position of the For questions and feedback, send us an email to [email protected] The two most commonly used active chemicals in non-organic slug bait are Ferric sodium EDTA (chelated iron phosphate) and Metaldehyde. Iron deficiency anaemia is a major health problem in India especially in women of reproductive age group. Erythropoiesis-independent effects of iron in chronic kidney disease. Roncal-Herrero, T., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Benning, L.G., Oelkers, E.H. (2009) Precipitation of Iron and Aluminium Phosphates Directly from Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature from 50 to 200C. Gorski LA, Stranz M, Cook LS, et al. You can find this active ingredient in new formulations of Corry's Slug & Snail Killer as well as Dr. T's Slug & Snail Killer, Slugexx, Iron Fist Slug & Snail Bait, Amdro Snail Block Slug & Snail Killer, and Ferroxx. According to Jacobson (1951), the stability of ferric EDTA was tested by adding 5 ppm iron, as the complex, to Hoagland's solution at various pH values. 1. 2,3 Initial symptoms of extravasation are similar to infiltration and include persistent pain, burning, stinging, swelling, and . Ferric sodium EDTA is an active ingredient in many non-organic slug baits, regarded as a safer alternative to traditional Metaldehyde slug baits. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. For commercial vegetable production, 0.20.5 lb. It is recommended in ornamental horticulture for feeding ericaceous plants like Rhododendrons if they are growing in calcareous soils. Effect of Ferric Citrate versus Ferrous Sulfate on Iron and Phosphate Table 3 shows the relationship between soil pH and chelated fertilizer requirement. Timely treatment could save your pet's life. Always check the label for additional precautions, including how long you need to keep pets away from treated areas. Check the label of any pesticide referenced to ensure your use is 2. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "ab5d928dfe69031a5cbc7816551c3055" );document.getElementById("c08a1a06c7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Disclaimer: Hi, Jared Cox here. There was a greater increase in TSAT (between-group difference in mean change, 8%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1 to 15; P=0.02) and ferritin (between-group difference in mean change, 37 ng/ml; 95% CI, 10 to 64; P=0.009) from baseline to 12 weeks in participants randomized to ferric citrate as compared with ferrous sulfate. Chelated fertilizers are less reactive to soil conditions and can significantly enhance nutrient uptake and utilization efficiencies. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Sluggo Plus adds spinosad to their iron phosphate slug and snail bait to target earwigs, cutworms, pill bugs, sow bugs, slugs, and snails. Warm compresses are preferred for extravasation of specific drugs including vinca alkaloids, etoposide, vasopressors, and oxaliplatin to increase local blood flow and enhance drug removal. Herein, we report a new type of sodium iron phosphate (Na0.71Fe1.07PO4), which exhibits an extremely small volume change (~ 1%) during desodiation. . Jared Cox is the author behind Mold Resistant Strains. Sodium feredetate | C10H12FeN2NaO8 - PubChem Sodium feredetate | C10H12FeN2NaO8 | CID 27461 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. U.S. EPA. 2012 Sep;80(9):563-80. It is a yellow solid that gives yellowish aqueous solutions. Safe around pets and wildlife. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. objective, science-based information about pesticides and The chelated fertilizer improves the bioavailability of micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn, and in turn contributes to the productivity and profitability of commercial crop production. [Review by expert group in the diagnosis and treatment of anemia in pregnant women. EDDHA chelated Fe is most stable at soil pH greater than 7 (Figure 4, A and B). A value of 1.0 means the chelate is stable. Havlin, J. L., J. D. Beaton, S. L. Tisdale, and W. L. Nelson. The ligand can protect the micronutrient from oxidization or precipitation. 2019 Jul;26(4):272-291. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.05.002. While these products are slow to kill, slugs stop feeding almost right away after eating the bait. Do not remove the IV device or noncoring port needle. Disconnect IV tubing from IV device. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between study arms. Apply compresses for 20 to 60 minutes 3 or 4 times daily for the first 24 to 72 hours after extravasation occurs. Chelates Qualitative evidence for the presence of higher and polynuclear . Slugs and snails are devastating to the garden. I am disclosing that Ive included certain products and links to those products on this site that I will earn a commission for any purchases you make. In group C combination of ferrous fumarate (containing 100 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. Depending on the brand, these products contain 2 to 6% active ingredient (Table 1). Ferric citrate hydrate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in nondialysis-dependent CKD. PDF Sodium Ferric Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (PC Code 139114) - US EPA Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management (7th ed.). EDTA is used to make the iron (ferric) more available and therefore kill the mollusks faster. Schematic diagram of chelated fertilizers facilitating nutrient uptake for foliar application. Similarly, as compared with ferrous sulfate, treatment with ferric citrate resulted in a greater increase in hepcidin from baseline to 12 weeks (between-group difference, 69 pg/ml; 95% CI, 8 to 130). 1972. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The ligands EDTA, DTPA, and EDDHA are often used in chelated fertilizers (Table 4). Beneficial effect of heavy metals, antagonistic effect and gene Iron phosphate is one of the few molluscicides approved for use in the practice of organic farming. How to Get Rid of Garden Slugs and Snails - Pennington Assess the site of extravasation and the symptoms of the patient. PDF Iron (Ferric) Phosphate (034903) Fact Sheet - US EPA This publication provides an overview of chelated fertilizers and considerations for their use to county Extension faculty, certified crop advisers (CCAs), crop consultants, growers, and students who are interested in commercial crop production. See this and other articles at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/greenbulletin/index.html. EDTA has a high affinity for ferric ions. Despite major interest in sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid's (EDTA) potential use in food fortification programs in potentially curbing the global problem of iron deficiency and . For the last 30 years, the primary mollusk (snail and slug) Fig. Although all these active ingredients are effective against snails (Figure 1) and slugs (Figure 2), there are important differences. Are there any unbiased studies that back up the findings of Edwards et al. Adam B Shapiro. Mn deficiency occurs more often in high pH and dry soil. Iron(III) phosphate can be used in steel and metal manufacturing processes. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu are easily oxidized or precipitated in soil, and their utilization is, therefore, not efficient. 1998 Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Figure 1 shows examples of the typical iron deficiency symptoms of lychee grown in Homestead, Florida, in which the lychee trees have yellow leaves and small, abnormal fruits. Sodium feredetate | C10H12FeN2NaO8 - PubChem active ingredient in mollusk (slug and snail) bait. Chelated fertilizers have been developed to increase micronutrient utilization efficiency. EDTA strongly holds iron in solution up to pH 6.0, but by pH 6.5, almost one-half the iron is precipitated, and by pH 7.0, almost none of the iron is available to plants.DTPA is an excellent iron source up to media pH 7.0; however, 60 percent of the iron is precipitated and unavailable by pH 8.0. Ferric phosphate | FeO4P - PubChem Drug Saf. It was withdrawn from the list of allowed substances in the directive 2002/46/EC in 2007. In the soil, plant roots can release exudates that contain natural chelates. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The site is secure. g1 even at a high rate of 50 C and maintains its capacity over 5,000 cycles at 20 C. In situ . Alloway, B. J. [10], Pesticide pellets contain iron phosphate plus a chelating agent, such as EDTA. If you have a slug or snail problem in the garden, one of the best organic solutions is to use Sluggo OMRI listed slug bait pellets. [From the May 2013 issue of the UC IPM Green Bulletin newsletter]. Keep away from mammals that may feed on it, and water flow areas. Two orthorhombic structures and a monoclinic phase are also known. In group C combination of ferrous fumarate (containing 100 mg of elemental iron) along with vitamin B12 (15 microg) and folic acid (1.5 mg) was administered twice a day. 4 and 25C. The best approach to extravasation injury is prevention.3-6 Preventive measures include appropriate dilution of medication, infusion of medication via the appropriate rate of administration, ensuring patency of the vascular access device, careful monitoring of infusions during administration, use of clear tape or dressings to allow for visual inspection of the infusion site, and immobilization of the extremity with the IV cannula.

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