coastal plain industries

In the southern Appalachians, ramps are threatened by two major processes: overharvesting pressures and a changing climate that could expose these plants to higher temperatures and lower soil moisture conditions during sensitive growth periods (Ch. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Division, Austin, TX, 20 pp. Southeastern cities including Memphis and Raleigh have a particularly high future heat risk.25, The number of days with high minimum temperatures (nighttime temperatures that stay above 75F) has been increasing across the Southeast (Figure 19.1), and this trend is projected to intensify, with some areas experiencing more than 100 additional warm nights per year by the end of the century (Figures 19.4 and 19.5). Guo, H., C. Weaver, S. P. Charles, A. Whitt, S. Dastidar, P. D'Odorico, J. D. Fuentes, J. S. Kominoski, A. R. Armitage, and S. C. Pennings, 2017: Coastal regime shifts: Rapid responses of coastal wetlands to changes in mangrove cover. Biloxi Mississippi Code of Ordinances, 2017: Binita, K.-C., J. M. Shepherd, and C. J. Gaither, 2015: Climate change vulnerability assessment in Georgia. The prolonged inundation and lack of oxygen that results from extreme rainfall can also result in mortality, such as the dieback of critical foundation plant species, and other large impacts to natural systems.233 In combination, future increases in the frequency and severity of both extreme drought and extreme rainfall are expected to transform many ecosystems in the Southeast region. Many cities across the Southeast are planning for the impacts sea level rise is likely to have on their infrastructure (see Case Study Charleston, South Carolina, Begins Planning and Reinvesting and Key Message 2). The Southeasts coastal plain and inland low-lying regions support a rapidly growing population, a tourism economy, critical industries, and important cultural resources that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Amenities and quality-of-life increasingly influence rural migration flows and business development. Moberg, F., and C. Folke, 1999: Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Synthesis Report. This is a large industry because the trees tend to grow faster in the Coastal Plains, and the wood is more textured. In the Southeast, poor air quality can result from emissions (mostly from vehicles and power plants), wildfires, and allergens such as pollen. Berdanier, A. National Hurricane Center, 111 pp. The economic status of rural America in the President Trump era and beyond. Winter air temperature extremes (for example, freezing and chilling events) constrain the northern limit of many tropical and subtropical species.138,139,140,141,142,143,144 Certain ecosystems in the region are located near thresholds where small changes in winter air temperature regimes can trigger comparatively large and abrupt landscape-scale ecological changes (in other words, ecological regime shifts).135,145 Reductions in the frequency and intensity of cold winter air temperature extremes can allow tropical and subtropical species to move northward and replace more temperate species. The combined effects of rising numbers of high tide flooding and extreme rainfall events, along with deteriorating storm water infrastructure, are increasing the frequency and magnitude of coastal and lowland flood events.45,88,89,90, The recent increases in flood risk have led many cities and counties to take adaptive actions to reduce these effects. These plants grow in moist forest understory areas that are sensitive to temperature and soil moisture.266. 5: Land Changes, KM 1). Terando, A. J., B. Reich, K. Pacifici, J. Costanza, A. McKerrow, and Jaime A. Collazo, 2016: Uncertainty quantification and propagation for projections of extremes in monthly area burned under climate change: A case study in the coastal plain of Georgia, USA. Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, various pp. Already, in response to climate change, plant hardiness zones in certain areas are moving northward and are expected to continue their northward and upslope progression.139,142,146,147 Continued reductions in the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes are expected to change which species are able to survive and thrive in a given location (Figure 19.15). Luedeling, E., 2012: Climate change impacts on winter chill for temperate fruit and nut production: A review. The Atlantic Plain of the United States includes portions of the coastal states of Delaware, 6: Forests, KM 1). In Central and South Florida, such things would include the closing of schools, colleges, and universities; the closing of tourist attractions and the cancellation of thousands of flights into and out of region; and the closing or restricting of the use of seaports including Canaveral, Key West, Miami, and Jacksonville, among others.109,112 The Select Committee on Hurricane Response and Preparedness: Final Report109 estimates that there were 84 U.S. deaths attributable to Hurricane Irma and other untold damage and human suffering. WebThe Beacon Difference. WebIndustries found in the Coastal Plains include processing, manufacturing and marketing products, mainly seafood and wood. Figure 2. Emrich, C. T., D. P. Morath, G. C. Bowser, and R. Reeves, 2014: Climate-sensitive hazards in Florida: Identifying and prioritizing threats to build resilience against climate effects. The vibrancy and viability of these metropolitan areas, including the people and critical regional resources located in them, are increasingly at risk due to heat, flooding, and vector-borne disease brought about by a changing climate (likely, high confidence). Natural systems in the region will have to become resistant and resilient to both too little water and too much water. On the coastal plains of North Carolina, the main industries are Agriculture and defense. Ernst, K. M., and B. L. Preston, 2017: Adaptation opportunities and constraints in coupled systems: Evidence from the U.S. energy-water nexus. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC, 59 pp. Coastal Plain (See the counties shaded in lightest teal in Figure 3.). Jurjonas, M., and E. Seekamp, 2018: Rural coastal community resilience: Assessing a framework in eastern North Carolina. Avery, M. L., R. M. Engeman, K. L. Keacher, J. S. Humphrey, W. E. Bruce, T. C. Mathies, and R. E. Mauldin, 2010: Cold weather and the potential range of invasive Burmese pythons. Doyle, T. W., T. J. Smith III, and Michael B. Robblee, 1995: Wind damage effects of Hurricane Andrew on mangrove communities along the southwest coast of Florida, USA. Our State Geography Remote regions in the coastal plain traditionally have depended economically on agriculture and manufacturing. Credits Like urban centers, rural areas with significant manufacturing bases develop commerce hubs and advanced supply chains in specific industries to compete with producers globally. FTA Report No. Sun, L., K. E. Kunkel, L. E. Stevens, A. Buddenberg, J. G. Dobson, and D. R. Easterling, 2015: Regional Surface Climate Conditions in CMIP3 and CMIP5 for the United States: Differences, Similarities, and Implications for the U.S. National Climate Assessment. In addition to plants, warmer winter air temperatures will also affect the movement and interactions between many different kinds of organisms. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Coastal Plains - The Regions of Texas | It was developed in partnership with the Lowlander Center, a local nongovernmental organization with a long-standing relationship with the Tribe and other scientists, researchers, and planners. We maintain a massive network of 480+ locations in the U.S. & Wells, E. C. Kansa, S. W. Kansa, K. N. Myers, R. C. DeMuth, and D. A. Drummond, M. A., and T. R. Loveland, 2010: Land-use pressure and a transition to forest-cover loss in the eastern United States. Simmons, K. M., J. Czajkowski, and J. USDA, National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS), Washington, DC, accessed July 18, 2017. For example, non-metropolitan Harnett County sits between metropolitan Wake County to the north and Cumberland County to the south, making work possible in cities from Raleigh and Fayetteville. Coastal Plains Jobs Changing climatic conditions (particularly, changes in the frequency and severity of climate extremes) are, however, difficult to replicate via experimental manipulations; hence, ecological responses to future climate regimes have not been fully quantified for all species and ecosystems. Sweet, W. V., R. E. Kopp, C. P. Weaver, J. Obeysekera, R. M. Horton, E. R. Thieler, and C. Zervas, 2017: Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. Management Data Series No. Census Bureau, 2017: County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010-2016. Policy Report 2. The remainder of the costs include $5 billion for infrastructure repairs and $1.5$2.0 billion for damage to the agricultural sector, also mainly in Florida. Mount Pleasant, located on South Carolinas coast, received 26.88 inches of rain, which is an extremely rare event. Lower Coastal Plain and Coastal Islands - New Georgia The Southeasts coastal plain and inland low-lying regions support a rapidly growing population, a tourism economy, critical industries, and important cultural resources that are highly vulnerable to climate change impacts (very likely, very high confidence). Bentz, B. J., and A. M. Jnsson, 2015: Chapter 13: Modeling bark beetle responses to climate change. Ayres, M. P., and M. J. Lombardero, 2000: Assessing the consequences of global change for forest disturbance from herbivores and pathogens. There are many possible future wind and cloud cover conditions for the Southeast as well as the potential for continued shifts in land-use patterns, demographics and population geography, and vehicle and power plant emissions standards. Net Accessories (4) The Lower Coastal Plain contains several subregions, or physiographic districts, based on topography, geology, soil, flora, fauna, and other factors. Liu, Y., J. Stanturf, and S. Goodrick, 2010: Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate. Population growth is generally associated with economic growth but comes with its own challenges, such as new infrastructure needs and increased demand for public services. City of Fayetteville, 2017: Arkansans Can Take Steps to Respond to Climate Change. 2 Goetz, Stephan J., Partridge, Mark D., and Heather M. Stephens. The Port of Jacksonville provides raw material for industries, food, clothes, and essential goods to Puerto Rico, thus impacting the U.S. Caribbean region, as well (Ch. Zhou, Y., and J. M. Shepherd, 2010: Atlanta's urban heat island under extreme heat conditions and potential mitigation strategies. WebAs a low-lying coastal plain, major crops include rice, sugar, coffee, cocoa, coconuts, edible oils, fruit, vegetables, and tobacco. As a result, the ecological resources that people depend on for livelihood, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk, and future generations can expect to experience and interact with natural systems that are much different than those that we see today (very likely, high confidence). Saha, A. K., S. Saha, J. Sadle, J. Jiang, M. S. Ross, R. M. Price, L. S. L. O. Sternberg, and K. S. Wendelberger, 2011: Sea level rise and South Florida coastal forests. to development pressure on the coast and immediately inland as people move to find jobs in the tourism-related service industries. A. Sanchez, M. Diskin, and C. Trettin, 2017: Mangrove expansion into salt marshes alters associated faunal communities. ERS, 2017: Atlas of Rural and Small-Town America [web tool]. Drought and extreme heat can result in tree mortality and transform the regions forested ecosystems (Ch. Tampa Bay Water, 2014: Tampa Bay Water Hosts Florida Water and Climate Alliance Workshop. The Southeast is the region of the country with the most favorable conditions for this mosquito and thus faces the greatest threat from diseases the mosquito carries.30 Climate change is expected to make conditions more suitable for transmission of certain vector-borne diseases, including year-round transmission in southern Florida. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 40 (1): 97-118. WebCoastal Plain (Tidewater) Region. Clustered development the close proximity of multiple businesses facilitate economies of scale, as well as spillovers in knowledge that result in innovation. Increases in extreme rainfall events and high tide coastal floods due to future climate change will impact the quality of life of permanent residents as well as tourists visiting the low-lying and coastal regions of the Southeast. Osland, M. J., R. H. Day, C. T. Hall, M. D. Brumfield, J. L. Dugas, and W. R. Jones, 2017: Mangrove expansion and contraction at a poleward range limit: Climate extremes and land-ocean temperature gradients. B., and J. S. Clark, 2016: Multiyear drought-induced morbidity preceding tree death in southeastern U.S. forests. Mitchum, G. T., 2011: Sea Level Changes in the Southeastern United States: Past, Present and Future. The major urban centers in the Southeast are already impacted by poor air quality during warmer months. Of the $50 billion, approximately $30$35 billion accounts for wind and flood damage to a combination of residential and commercial properties, automobiles, and boatswith 80%90% of this cost felt in Florida. Technological developments (such as a potential shift in transportation modes) will also affect the scope and location of risk within cities. A. Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. Products Coastal Plains U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, 58 pp. Sources/Usage: Public Domain. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. B. C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J. M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrm, S. R. Palumbi, J. M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, and J. Roughgarden, 2003: Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Guyana - Economy Originally published May 25, 2004 Last edited Sep 1, 2020. Meehl, G. A., J. M. Arblaster, and G. Branstator, 2012: Mechanisms contributing to the warming hole and the consequent US east-west differential of heat extremes. Park, 2014: From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from sea level rise. While all regional residents and communities are potentially at risk for some impacts, some communities or populations are at greater risk due to their locations, services available, and economic situations. 118. 17: Complex Systems). Open-File Report 99-441. Lovelock, C. E., I. C. Feller, R. Reef, S. Hickey, and M. C. Ball, 2017: Mangrove dieback during fluctuating sea levels. Deal, N., 2017: Deal declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Irma. 2018. DOT-VNTSC-OSTR-17-01. In fact, the economic structures of rural places increasingly mirror their urban counterparts. Carolinas Integrated Sciences & Assessments (CISA), Columbia, SC, 4 pp. In metropolitan counties like Wake, Durham, and Mecklenburg, 80% or more rely on broadband.4. The rainfall sparked inland flooding that led to three dam breaches and the destruction of countless roads and homes (see Figure 19.13 showing flash flooding impacts to inland roads). Virgina Products and industries The Southeast contains many of the fastest-growing urban areas in the country, including a dozen of the top 20 fastest-growing metropolitan areas (by percentage) in 2016.22 Metropolitan Atlanta has been swiftly growing, adding 69,200 residents in just one year.23 At the same time, many rural counties in the South are losing population.24 These trends towards a more urbanized and dense Southeast are expected to continue, creating new climate vulnerabilities but also opportunities to adapt as capacity and resources increase in cities (Ch. Jones, W. D., 1979: Effects of the 1978 freeze on native plants of Sonora, Mexico. doi: Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S. J. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, and R. K. Turner, 2014: Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. USGS Open-File Report 2016-1073. B. Santos, L. F. W. Bortolon, A. Doyle, T. W., B. Chivoiu, and N. M. Enwright, 2015: Sea-level rise modeling handbook: Resource guide for coastal land managers, engineers, and scientists. While heat illness is more often associated with urban settings, rural populations are also at risk. Labor pertains to the workforce and its skillsets. A., 1997: A History of Florida Citrus Freezes. Stephens, S. L., J. J. Moghaddas, C. Edminster, C. E. Fiedler, S. Haase, M. Harrington, J. E. Keeley, E. E. Knapp, J. D. McIver, K. Metlen, C. N. Skinner, and A. Youngblood, 2009: Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests. Some of the major industriies are the Timber Industry, Petrochemical Industry and the Petroleum 0076 . In the 1990s, in-migration began to outpace natural population growth the number of births minus the number of deaths.3 In addition to wealth transfer, which can serve as financial capital to invest in new and existing businesses, population growth in these communities is generally associated with new jobs in construction and higher demand for employees in retail and commercial services. coastal plain 20: U.S. Caribbean, KM 3). Retirement destinations like metropolitan Brunswick and Pender counties are some of the fastest-growing areas in the state, while the least populated counties continue to experience population loss. Climate change is likely to modify the seasonality, distribution, and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in the Southeast.29 Vector-borne diseases pose a greater risk in cities than in rural areas because of higher population densities and other human factors (for example, pools of standing water in man-made structures, such as tires or buckets, are breeding grounds for some species of mosquitoes). February 20. Generally, more remote places have the lowest median household incomes. Earth Economics, Tacoma, WA, 98 pp. A. Voiland, A., 2017: Hot water ahead for Hurricane Irma. WebCoastal Plain (Tidewater) Region - Products: Tobacco products, informational technology - Industries: Federal and state government, farming, horse industry Piedmont Region - Products: Apples - Industries: Recreation, farming Blue Ridge Mountains - Products: Poultry, apples, dairy, beef - Industries: Farming Valley and Ridge Region Permission of the copyright owner must be obtained Grace, and K. Rogers, 2017: Climatic controls on the global distribution, abundance, and species richness of mangrove forests. 743808. The plant hardiness zones are reflective of the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes in a specific region. Historically, coastal ecosystems in the region have adjusted to sea level rise by vertical and horizontal movement across the landscape.125,129,200,201 As sea levels rise in the future, some coastal ecosystems will be submerged and converted to open water, and saltwater intrusion will allow salt-tolerant coastal ecosystems to move inland at the expense of upslope and upriver ecosystems.128,202,203,204,205,206,207,208 Where barriers are present (for example, levees and other coastal infrastructure), the potential for landward migration of natural systems will be reduced and certain coastal habitats will be lost (Ch. 1 U.S. Census Bureau. Climate model simulations of future conditions project increases in both temperature and extreme precipitation. Technical Report 02-15. However, these beaches and bayous, fields and forests, and cities and small towns are all at risk from a changing climate. A. Mendelssohn, and N. Saintilan, 2016: Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. 2012-08-21 23:20:25. Limited studies indicate concerns over the planning and preparedness of capacity at local levels; however, information is limited. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 111 pp. This was the seventh highest tide ever recorded in Charleston Harbor and the highest since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 76 pp. Wdowinski, S., R. Bray, B. P. Kirtman, and Z. Wu, 2016: Increasing flooding hazard in coastal communities due to rising sea level: Case study of Miami Beach, Florida. Sarofim, M. C., S. Saha, M. D. Hawkins, D. M. Mills, J. Hess, R. Horton, P. Kinney, J. Schwartz, and A. St. Juliana, 2016: Ch. NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Tallahassee, FL. Hauer, M. E., J. M. Evans, and D. R. Mishra, 2016: Millions projected to be at risk from sea-level rise in the continental United States. Typically, a rural community is part of a non-metropolitan statistical area that contains cities with populations under 50,000 and that have a high degree of economic and social integration. Arable land is laid out in strips between the sea or a river and inland swamps. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., and J. F. Bruno, 2010: The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems. Drew, 2001: Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a fire-dependent ecosystem. European Commission, Insight_E, Stockholm, Sweden, 77 pp. According to the National Weather Service, Hurricane Irma was only the fifth hurricane with winds of 185 mph or higher in the whole of the Atlantic Basin since reliable record keeping began, and it was the strongest observed hurricane in the open Atlantic Ocean.101 For three days, the storm maintained maximum sustained winds of 185 miles per hour, the longest observed duration in the satellite era.101,102 Not only was Irma extremely strong, it was also very large with tropical storm force winds reaching as far away as 400 miles from the hurricanes center and driving hurricane force winds up to 80 miles away.101 Two factors supported Irmas strength: the very warm waters it passed over, which exceeded 86F,102 and the light winds Irma encountered in the upper atmosphere (Figure 19.14).101 High-intensity hurricanes such as Irma are expected to become more common in the future due to climate change.103 Rapid intensification of storms is also more likely as the climate warms,104 even though there is also some historical evidence that the same conditions that lead to this intensification also act to weaken hurricane intensity near the U.S. coast, but it is unclear whether this relationship will continue as the climate warms further (see Kossin et al.

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