family dysfunction schizophrenia tutor2u

For example, trying to persuade an individual that the government is not watching or monitoring them in any way may interfere with their (possibly justifiable) fear of an over-controlling government. During CBT, the therapist lets the patient develop their own alternatives to previous maladaptive beliefs, ideally by looking for alternative explanations and coping strategies that are already present in the patients mind. Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. Results. b) identifying source of bias - EITHER people volunteer so their behaviour might be atypical/unrepresentative OR they all attend self-help group so their behaviour may be atypical/unrepresentative eg volunteers may be better communicators, more verbal Information transfer teaching the patient and the family the actual facts about the illness, its causes, the influence of drug abuse, and the effect of stress and guilt. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo To educate relatives about schizophrenia. It is also used as a basis for the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders (mental and physical). Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad). Hallucinations are usually auditory or visual perceptions of things that are not present. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling Social dysfunction and skills in preview & related info | Mendeley DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine are safer, and they also may be better tolerated. Psychological therapies are very rarely used alone, but sometimes patients may just take drugs without any other therapy. Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? Ventricles are fluid filled cavities (i.e. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. It is more likely This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. Out-dated views that were once accepted are no longer tolerated by families and are now seen as destructive rather than productive, Briefly outline how cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is used to treat schizophrenia and explain one limitation of using CBT to treat schizophrenia. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Upper and Newton (1971) found that the weight gain associated with taking antipsychotics was addressed with token economy regimes. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. including dysfunctional thought processing. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. For men the figure was 59%. Example Answers for Section C Schizophrenia Topic Paper 3 June 2018 (AQA) . Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. This suggests that gaining an insight into family relationships allows psychiatric professionals to help improve the quality of patients lives. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. It is difficult to keep this treatment going once the patients are back at home in the community. The intention is to show schizophrenics that their hallucinations are not real. LS23 6AD First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. Bateson et al. West Yorkshire, There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. (Total 16 marks) A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. But if they have a supportive environment and/or good coping skills the illness may not develop. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. Predictive validity. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia Research by Miyakawa et al. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. PDF Title: Psychological Explanations - WordPress.com Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Response. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. basis. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. they said an event was real but it was in their head. Schizophrenia and Dopamine: Links and Connections - Healthline They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. VAT reg no 816865400. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. 1. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. Sweets and cigarettes. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs are weakened by the fact that they have severe side-effects. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. The understanding and treatment of schizophrenia have been greatly hampered by uncertainty about etiological factors and controversy about diagnostic boundaries. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This suggests that understanding the effects of cognitive deficits allows psychologists to create new initiatives for schizophrenics and improve the quality of their lives. Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. As there is strong evidence that relapse is related to stress and expressed emotion within the family, it seems likely that CBT should be employed alongside family therapy in order to reduce the pressures on the individual patient. They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. Risperidone is another atypical antipsychotic, and is designed to be as effective as Clozapine without the risky side-effects. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. They generally have fewer side effects eg. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. It is not a cure. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. Psychomotor Disturbances: Stereotypyical Rocking backwards and forwards, twitches, & repetitive behaviors. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. Yellowless et al. CBT does seem to reduce relapses and readmissions to hospital (NICE 2014). In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. Ayllon and Azrin (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them.

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