territorial seas ap human geography

These elevations do not create any zones of maritime control on their own.21 If a low-tide elevation falls within the boundary of a States territorial sea as measured from the mainland or an island, that State may draw a baseline from the low-water line of the low-tide elevation rather than from the shore. The Law of the Sea is codified in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted in 1982 and has been ratified by more than 160 states. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. In 1994 the United Nations established the Laws of the Sea. 0 plays. Devolutionary Forces | CourseNotes States may claim an EEZ that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. The UNCLOS also establishes the right of states to engage in activities such as scientific research, freedom of navigation, and the laying of submarine cables and pipelines on the high seas. The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. This method allows States to draw its boundary 60 miles from the foot of the shelfs slope.8 This expanded continental shelf cannot, however, exceed (i) 350 miles from the baseline or (ii) 100 miles from the 2,500-meter isobath.9. Territorial sea Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster So-called historic bays, such as the Chesapeake Bay, are exempt from this provision. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration However, the most important types of disputes to know for the AP Human Geography test are: The Law of the Sea addresses issues with states and their water boundaries. This zone exists to bolster a States law enforcement capacity and prevent criminals from fleeing the territorial sea. All rights reserved. Spykman argued that the rimland, which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. Geography. These zones give coastal States different jurisdictional rights. AP Human Geography AMSCO Vocabulary - Unit 4 Political Geography Using the Quizlet Vocabulary Link for Unit 4 Political Geography, review all the terms provided. Legal status of the territorial . For example, a sandbar can be considered a rock. In some cases, boundary disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, while in other cases, they may escalate into military conflict or other forms of violence. territorial sea noun : the part of territorial waters subject to the jurisdiction of a coastal state usually extending from mean low water mark on the shore or from the seaward limit of a bay or mouth of a river a marine league or 3 geographical miles outward to the open sea compare inland water Love words? Unit 4 Vocabulary - Political Geography 2 .pdf - AP Human Jurisdiction as provided for in international law with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. What is the difference between a nautical mile and a knot? NOAAs National Ocean Service. An antecedent boundary is the name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society. See below for information on artificial islands, which are treated differently than naturally occurring islands. The establishment of high seas was instituted by the Convention on the High Seas in 1958 and includes 63 signatories. 200 nautical mile (230 mile) exclusive economic zone. 14 LOSC, Article 7. 2. According to the theory, the rimland is the pivot point of world politics because it is the hub of international trade and communication, and it is where the major sea routes converge. This map shows the boundaries of the U.S. EEZ, outlined in yellow, as well as deep and shallow water areas of the U.S. EEZ that have not been mapped as of January 2020. If the entrance is equal to or less than 24 miles wide at low-tide, then a State may draw a straight baseline across the entrance, effectively making the entire bay internal waters. This doctrine is no longer used because it had many issues, mainly it increased pollution and plundered natural resources. Mackinder believed that this region was central to interaction between Europe and Asia and to the rest of the world. AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. How did colonialism & the fall of the Soviet Union along with their lasting impacts define interactions between citizens in newly formed states. They do not create or further the extent of an EEZ. This meant that other nations' fleets could come near another nation's coasts, take resources such as fish, and dump their waste into that same area. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends no more than 200 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline and is adjacent to the 12 nautical mile territorial sea of the U.S., including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any other territory or Boundary disputes can arise for a variety of reasons, such as changes in political or economic conditions, conflicting interpretations of treaties or agreements, or competing claims to natural resources or strategic territory. . With more 3.4 million square nautical miles (4 million square miles) of ocean, the U.S. EEZ is larger than the land area of all 50 states combined and is one of the largest EEZs in the world. The Paracels and Spratlys are two island chains at the center of a territorial dispute involving the law of the sea in the South China Sea. The Organic Theory, also known as the Theory of Lebensraum, was developed by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in the late 19th century. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. We learned that the first set of regulations regarding the sea was known as the The Freedom of the Seas doctrine based on a book by Hugo Grotius. With bigger ships and oil tankers traveling across the world, the threat of serious pollution problems increased far more than was the case hundreds of years ago. Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it. Due to the maritime features discussed later in this chapter, the U.S. has the largest EEZ in the world, totaling 3.4 million square nautical miles. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. 0. jusinskij_54591. (Units 1-7 Summarized) Mr. Sinn 393K views 1 year ago 13 AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review Mr. Sinn Political Boundary Disputes & The Law. It proposes that the "rimland," the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass), is the most important area in the world because it is the center of the world's sea power. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Boundary disputes between private landowners: Boundary disputes can also occur between private landowners, particularly in cases where the location of property lines is unclear or in dispute. Geography of Denmark. Freedom of the seas is the doctrine in which coastal countries handle the topic of international waters; each of these countries has complete dominion of the waters up to 3 miles off their coast. EEZs of States worldwide constitute 38% of the oceans of earth that were considered part of the high seas prior to adoption of the LOSC. Denmark is located southwest of Sweden and due south of Norway and is bordered by the German state (and . Types of political boundaries include relic, superimposed, subsequent, antecedent, geometric, and consequent boundaries. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces in Geopolitics, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. This zone extends beyond and adjacent to the seaward boundary of the 12-nautical-mile (14-mile) territorial sea of the United States. The Law of the Sea definition is a doctrine created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which covers the traditions and treaties set forth by countries to avoid conflict over the ocean. What is Contempt of Court? A state whose economy functions almost completely independently of imports and exports. There is no right of innocent passage through internal waters. Spykman's theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify naval expansion and military intervention in the rimland region. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. The Territorial Sea includes 12 miles of complete sovereignty away from the coast. Typically, this must be peaceful and public.Prescription is similar to occupation, but concerns otherwise empty territory. This new territory would allow China to control more water to extract natural resources, control more extensive trade routes, and extend areas where they could grow fishing practices to their benefit. - Definition & Meaning, Political Power & Territoriality: Definition & Example, International & Internal Boundaries: Definition & Function, Devolution, Supranationalism & Democratization, Political Science 102: American Government, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (082) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Chemical Safety: Preparation, Use, Storage, and Disposal, What is an Autoclave? The Heartland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century. Another challenge centers on the definition of islands. Geography of Denmark - Wikipedia Under the UNCLOS, states have the right to explore and exploit the resources of the high seas, subject to certain rules and conditions. Printer Friendly. The cession may be the result of a dispute or conflict settlement. The U.S. Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! Navigable waters at the boundary of a state or nation that are held to be within the jurisdiction of that nation or state, especially those ocean. States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. 160 Packard Ave. It has also been heavily criticized for its naturalistic and deterministic approach, which fails to account for the complex and fluid nature of international relations. Governments and other political actors often seek to expand their territory in order to increase their power and influence. Most populous is Puerto Rico,owned by the US. Two classic examples are Italy, which completely surrounds San Marino and the Vatican, and South Africa, which completely surrounds Lesotho. Create your account. Provide either an example or an explanation is the chart below. A prorupted state is a state that has a primary body of territory that comprises most of the state, but that also has a long extension that can dramatically increase the territorial power and significance of the country. Within the contiguous zone, a State has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea. Territorial waters - The area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction, set at 12 nautical miles in 1982. A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be __________. There is an incentive for States to obtain island status for their deep ocean features. Examples include the U.S. annexation of Texas in 1845, and Germanys annexation of Austria in 1938. Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, England, and studied natural sciences at Oxford University. AP Human Geography: Everything You Need To Know! A dispute is a disagreement or difference of opinion between two or more parties. Its area extends to 200 nautical miles from its coastline to the external maritime territories. One moose, two moose. As a consequence, States ranging from Canada to China have aggressively used straight baselines in ways that are not accepted by the U.S. States are not able to arbitrarily draw straight baselines in order to extend their maritime claims. The term high sea means two things: 1) No state can legally impose its rule on any part of the water and 2) Every part of the sea outside a territorial boundary is a high sea. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). Hugo Grotius wrote the doctrine because of an issue between the English, who claimed that Dutch ships were trespassing in English waters and took all the Dutch goods. LOSC, Article 136. Territorial seas legal definition of Territorial seas The EEZ is an important concept in international law, as it establishes the rights and responsibilities of states in relation to the use of the oceans and the exploitation of marine resources. AP Human Geography || Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet Territoriality is a way for animals, including humans, to mark their territory and defend it from intruders. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Everything from the baseline to a limit not exceeding twelve miles is considered the States territorial sea. However, it isn't practical in today's world as it would allow many nations around the world to exploit each other's' vital resources and deposit waste not far off another nations' coast. If the political barrier between two states is the 50th parallel on the lines of latitude, then the boundary between those two states is known as a(n) __________. According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you It resulted in the "Scramble for Africa," and the subjugation of African nations. You cannot download interactives. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Boundaries can be established for a variety of reasons, such as to protect property or resources, to mark the limits of a political entity, or to distinguish one area from another. . Define territorial sea. In order to expand, China seized one of the island chains called the Paracels from Vietnam in 1974. To save this word, you'll need to log in. If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. The theory has been influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and has been used to justify territorial expansion and military intervention in the heartland region. A c c o m m o d a . The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). Boundaries are defined, delimited, demarcated, and administered to establish limits of sovereignty, but they are often contested. However, the nation (or nations) controlling the strait regulates the way passages are made. High seas - The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country. The dispute has arisen from competing claims over island chains in the region by nations such as China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, among others. AP Human Geo - What do I need to know for AP Human Geo Unit 4 A region of a country where the vast majority of the citizens of that country live. Friedhelm Gltenboth, Walter Erdelen, in Ecology of Insular . The high seas are a vital component of the global maritime system, and play a role in shaping the balance of power between states. Internal boundaries can be found in a variety of contexts, including geographic regions, political divisions, and organizational structures. She or he will best know the preferred format. answer. The LOSC states that the Area is considered the common heritage of all mankind12 and is beyond any national jurisdiction. Disputes may involve issues such as money, property, rights, or values, and they may involve conflicting interests or viewpoints. He studied political science and economics at Yale University and later worked as a professor and researcher. A state's territorial sea, where it is sovereign, extends 19 kilometers (12 miles) into the sea. According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. Ch. 8 AP Human Notes.docx - *DIAGRAM! Topics Page This area of the ocean is also a hot-button issue in terms of different countries claiming this territory. Reefs are formations of coral, roughly shaped like mountains, which run just below the surface of the water. Territorial Sea. Since the ratification of the LOSC, there has been limited activity in relation to these provisions.13. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Territorial sea. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/territorial%20sea. Where are most colonies located today, who owns the largest in population, and who historically controlled the most? Learn how the Law of the Sea works and see Law of the Sea examples. GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. An "exclusive economic zone," or "EEZ" is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. Which of these is an example of a prorupted state? The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an international agreement that describes how sea-going vessels should interact with each other and with marine resources in regional waters and the high seas. Freedom of the seas definition is the doctrine in which coastal countries used to handle the topic of international waters. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. 7 The second method is to use fixed distances in what is called the Hedberg formula. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 5, Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. States can conduct activities in the Area so long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. While Grotius was able to win the argument in a court of law, saying that those waters were international and that the British should return the goods, the English did not concede as they were much more powerful during that time. Ratzel is known for his work on the concept of Lebensraum, which he developed in his book "Political Geography" (1897). Delivered to your inbox! Denmark is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. All right, let's take a moment or two to review what we've learned. The economic rights within the continental shelf extend only to non-living resources and sedentary living resources, such as shellfish. These include: To accommodate deeply indented coastline and fringes of islands along the coast, the LOSC allows for use of straight baselines.14 These baselines, drawn between features and coastline to created straight lines, allow States to create fixed points to deal with the wild distance variances caused by such features. Create your account, 18 chapters | A perforated state is a state that __________. It opened for signature on December 10th, 1982 and was put into force on November 16th, 1994. The ocean surface and the water column beyond the EEZ are referred to as the high seas in the LOSC. As seen in the graphic below, the LOSC divides the ocean into six different zones: Internal waters are all the waters that fall landward of the baseline, such as lakes, rivers, and tidewaters. The distance between Guam and the nearest U.S. state, Hawai'i, is more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728.23 miles). QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The EEZ is a maritime zone established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that extends 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) from the baseline of a coastal state. Territorial seas synonyms, Territorial seas pronunciation, Territorial seas translation, English dictionary definition of Territorial seas. The EEZs size derives from the large coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the western continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii and many small outlying Pacific islands. In some cases, disputes may be resolved through legal proceedings, such as a lawsuit or a court ruling. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. To prevent abuse of the continental shelf provisions, the LOSC established the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). This seaward extension is geologically formed as the seabed slopes away from the coast, typically consisting of a gradual slope (the continental shelf proper), followed by a steep slope (the continental slope), and then a more gradual slope leading to the deep seabed floor. Irredentist movements have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world, as they often involve claims to territory that is already inhabited by other people. It extended territorial sovereignty of each coastal nation up to 12 miles from shore and allowed each coastal nation a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone that grants each nation special privileges with respect to resources, research, and some jurisdiction. A rock in the LOSC is defined as an island that is unable to support human habitation or economic life. states' territory extending 12 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.15 statute miles) from the coast . 9th - 12th grade . As an international body, the Authority also includes an Assembly of representatives from each nation which functions like a large Board of Directors. Territorial seas are the most straightforward zone. AP Human Geo - 4.3 Political Power and Territoriality | Fiveable One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. To prevent this, the LOSC defines a bay as a well-marked indentation [where] its area is as large as, or larger than, that of a semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.18 The amount of control a State has over a bay is based on the distance between the low-water line on either side of the bays entrance. Chile is the classic example of an elongated state because it spans thousands of miles top to bottom, but only a few hundred from side-to-side. Irredentism is a political movement or ideology that seeks to reclaim and incorporate into a country territory that is seen as historically or culturally linked to that country, but which is currently controlled by another state. Under international law, within its defined EEZ, a coastal nation has: The United States claimed a 200-nautical-mile EEZ in 1983 (Presidential Proclamation No. She has a bachelor of science degree in environmental management from Columbia Southern University and a master of science degree in coastal and marine environments from the University of Ireland, Galway. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The main challenges associated with these zones are how variations in geography affect where zones end and where new zones begin. Territorial sea - definition of territorial sea by The Free Dictionary This issue is most prevalent in the South China Sea, which is rich in resources and contains many maritime features that may or may not be islands entitled to large EEZs. The U.S. is party to separate conventions and regional fisheries management organizations that govern international fishing activity. Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the previously mentioned resource rights and the law enforcement capacity to protect those rights. Territorial dispute. Its easy to draw lines on a map and mark territory, but these lines are oftentimes not as well defined in real life. The Heartland Theory suggests that the control of the heartland is crucial to the exercise of global power and influence. Boundary disputes have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world and have contributed to the outbreak of wars and other violent conflicts. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. The CLCS is discussed in more detail in Chapter Eight: The Arctic and the LOSC. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. The practical effect of straight baselines is that they push a States maritime borders outward. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. According to international law, these have included occupation, prescription, accretion, cession, and, possibly, annexation.Occupation occurs when control is acquired over an otherwise uncontrolled territory by a foreign state. Rising sea levels could effectively downgrade the status of some islands to that of rocks or low-tide elevations that would deny their owners an EEZ.

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