a venetian ambassadors report on the st bartholomew's day massacre

In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre is the setting for Tim Willocks' historical novel, The Twelve Children of Paris (Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013. [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. PDF The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - REFORMATION Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. Power Point WorldCat is the worlds largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. The murder of thous We are processing your request. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). 54, Herodotus From The Histories: Manners and Customs of the Scythians 55, From The Babylonian Account of the Great Flood 58, Chapter 3 The Civilization of Greece, 1000-400 B.C.E. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. Saint Bartholomew's Day | Catholic Answers The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. [72] In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the massacre, and not very much after, until Gentillet's own book, but this concept was seized upon by many contemporaries, and played a crucial part in setting the long-lasting popular concept of Machiavellianism. At the low end are figures of about 2,000 in Paris[41] and 3,000 in the provinces, the latter figure an estimate by Philip Benedict in 1978. According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. [96], One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of social anthropology the religious historian Bruce Lincoln. GIOVANNI MICHIEL FROMA Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacyin northern Italy, which marked the last half of thefif- teenthcentury, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that wouldbe fundamental to relations amongall modern states. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. Estimates of the number that perished in the disturbances, which lasted to the beginning of October, have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, duc de Sully, who himself barely escaped death. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. 14445, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. 3. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. Political Responses . from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. Venetian Report On The ST Barts Massacre | PDF - Scribd In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. AP and Pre-AP are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, these products. England v immigration: A millennium of fears condensed Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. List of ambassadors of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de' Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. -The Huguenot faction was fatally wounded. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. The site is now 144, Holt (2005 edn), pp. Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of the King. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? 31. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. CHP. 14 - WC 102.docx - Giovanni Michiel - St. Bartholomew's Day [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. The Catholic Reformation A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus B. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. Beside this, the rivalries between the leading families re-emerged. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations I. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people. 30. August 24 - Saint Bartholomew's Day: the real story B. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? In the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, on Sunday, 24, at noon, a hawthorn bush, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day, Christianity Today - The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, World History Encyclopedia - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Institute for Advanced Study - The massacre of St. Bartholomews Day was an affair between neighbors. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Paperback. 2nd Luxemburg; Fontaine-Franaise; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fre; Ardres; Amiens. One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 589,. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. Louis governed the Principality of Orange around Avignon in southern France for his brother William the Silent, who was leading the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish. 1. -It caused the Huguenots to flee France Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. [71] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. History 104 / January 16, 2013 The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre King Philip II (1527-1598). The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement radical otherness [had come] to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants". [94], The historian H.G. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. Political Responses . [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". On hearing of the slaughter, Philip II of Spain supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". ), pp. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. Drypoint Screenprinting Intaglio Lithography Question 2 Which of the following fabrics is NOT a good option, Which three of the following statements about convenience checks are true? Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. [21] Other historians are reluctant to speculate on the composition or size of the group of leaders targeted at this point, beyond the few obvious heads. [97], On 23 August 1997, Pope John Paul II, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. HISTORY QUESTION Based on the excerpt from Giovanni - Chegg 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572. cuius regio, eius religio Christopher Marlowe was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. Roberts, Yvonne. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre provides a rich array of sources on the conflict, from royal edicts, to eyewitness accounts, to paintings, and engravings. [92], Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". [20] Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, supported a war in the Low Countries against Spain as a means to prevent a resumption of civil war, a plan that the French king, Charles IX, was coming to approve in the summer of 1572. View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. 32. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. 3. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. Civil wars across Europe Wilson. Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. 1. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" Gregory XIII (1572 to 1585) Francis Borgia (1510 -1572). 2. The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. 72- . . II. He stresses that the city was on the verge of revolt. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). 188, The Teaching of Jesus According to the Gospel of Matthew 197, Funerary Stele of Aurelius Secundus with his Wife and Child 209, Saint Augustine From The City of God and Confessions 210, The Creed and Canons of the Roman Church 216, Gregory of Tours From History of the Franks 226, Chapter 7 Rome's Three Heirs, 500-950 232, Mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (c. 500) 234, The Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople (754) and the Second Council of Nicaea (787) 235, From The Quran, as Revealed to Muhammad 241, Ibn Fadlan An Arabic View of the Viking Rus' 248, Bede From A History of the English Church and People 253, From The Anglo-Saxon Translation of the Book of Genesis 257, Chapter 8 The Expansion of Europe, 950-1100 268, Fulcher of Chartres From Chronicle of the First Crusade 269, From The Anonymous of Mainz: A Hebrew Account of the First Crusade 286, An Ibn Al-Athir An Arabic Account of the First Crusade 292, Chapter 9 The Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250 301, Guibert of Nogent On the Uprising of the Laon Commune and the Murder of Bishop Gaudry 309, Hildegard of Bingen Letter to the Clergy of Mainz 317, The Persecution of Jews and the Jewish Badge 321, The Magna Carta: The "Great Charter" of 1215 322, Chapter 10 The Medieval World, 1250-1350 337, Marco Polo Prologue to The Description of the World 338, Pope Boniface VIII Papal Bull Unam Sanctam 352, Dante Alighieri From The Divine Comedy 354, Giovanni Boccaccio From The Decameron 359, Chapter 11 Rebirth and Unrest, 1350-1453 364, Geoffrey Chaucer From The Canterbury Tales: "The Pardoner's Tale" 365, Christine De Pisan From The Book of the City of Ladies 383, Petrarch From Letters to Classical Authors 391, The Siege of Constantinople and the Sultan's Treaty with the Genoese 402, Chapter 12 Innovation and Exploration, 1453-1533 408, Vasco Da Gama Reactions to Indigenous Peoples, 1497-1498 410, Christopher Columbus Letter on His First Voyage 414, Baldesar Castiglione From The Book of the Courtier 422, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola From "Oration on the Dignity of Man" 428, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam From Ten Colloquies 434, Chapter 13 The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500-1564 444, Martin Luther From The Large Catechism, 1530 445, Martin Luther From On the Jews and Their Lies 450, John Calvin From Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, September and October 1541 456, John Calvin From Letter to a French Seigneur, 1548 460, Saint Ignatius of Loyola From The Spiritual Exercises 463, The Miracle of St. Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1620) 465, Saint Francis Xavier Reflections on Native Peoples as Contained in Francis's "Letter from India" 466, Woodcut of Argula Von Grumbach Before the Doctors of Theology 475, Chapter 14 Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550-1660 481, Giovanni Michiel From A Venetian Ambassadors Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 484, Reginald Scot From Discoverie of Witchcraft 486, The Plundering and Burning of a Village, A Hanging, and Peasants Avenge Themselves (1633) 494, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne From "Of Cannibals" 499, The "Armada Portrait" of Queen Elizabeth (c. 1588) 504, Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 505, Chapter 15 European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660-1725 509, Thomas Mun From England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or, The Ballance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of our Treasure 517, Louis XIV Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 521, John Locke From Two Treatises of Government 533, Palace and Gardens of Versailles (1668) 535, Adam Smith From The Wealth of Nations 544, Catherine the Great From Proposals for a New Code of Law 552, Chapter 16 The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 555, Nicolaus Copernicus From Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs 556, Galileo Galilei From The Starry Messenger and The Assayer 562, On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) 563, Margaret Cavendish From Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.

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