devolutionary forces examples

4 0 obj @XOZ? #^X %K9/XvnP }KjaT%]gFN3IeZ9,)~m[a Gsv$i]qwI{-IR)} TA?S$kQrjPk Balkanization can have a number of negative consequences, including political instability, economic disruption, and conflict. Devolution: the political process in which subdivisions are granted autonomy and functional powers on a provincial basis. Iraq: The ongoing conflict in Iraq, including the rise of the Islamic State, is often seen as a result of Balkanization. Other shared traditions around religion, clothing, food, and language can also unite people. Each of the members of the United Kingdom wanted to have more individual control over their own country and not be beholden to the laws of England, who they saw as an oppressor. Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic state that was composed of six republics and two autonomous provinces. These regions want the power to control their own affairs in a way that makes sense to them. FRQ #2 - devolution Flashcards | Quizlet Ukraine: The ongoing conflict in Ukraine, including the annexation of Crimea by Russia, is often seen as a result of Balkanization. Ethnic tensions and a lack of trust in the central government contributed to the breakup of the state, and South Sudan became an independent country. Unit 4 - Political Geography (Ch. 8) | Geography - Quizizz All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The biggest difference between devolution and federalism is that federalism is guaranteed in the Constitution of the United States. This enormously powerful figure promised to restore power to the people in a 3rd Republic in 1993, but it never happened, though a new constitution was drafted. Despite autonomy, independence movements are strong. The House and the Senate comprise the National Assembly. New constitutions have devolved more power, given more people a voice, and theoretically have made it more difficult for people in power to amass great fortunes, but both military and civilian leaders have been able to thrive regardless. Sovereignty is the internationally recognized exercise of a countrys power over its people and territory. 1b. 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Forces that Lead to Devolution These areas have some local autonomy because the physical barriers make it difficult for a central government to rule. The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. And if you travel to Barcelona, it's more likely you'll see the Catalonian flag than the Spanish flag waving from rooftops. In 1997, native Hawaiians demanded the return of certain rights lost during the "occupation" of the island nation by the United States. Finally, after Babangida retired and other military figures came and went, the country had democracy restored under a fourth constitution in 1999. Three Basic Devolutionary Forces 1) Ethic Forces 2) Economic Forces 3) Spatial Forces Ethic Forces (ethnocentral) A state contains strong ethnic groups with identities that differ from those of the majority. PDF 2020 Exam Sample Questions - College Board True or False: Traditional leaders have no power in Nigeria. Devolution usually occurs through conventional statutes rather than through a change in a countrys constitution; thus, unitary systems of government that have devolved powers in this manner are still considered unitary rather than federal systems, because the powers of the subnational authorities can be withdrawn by the central government at any time (compare federalism). The Rapid Devolution of the United States Strategic Culture regional, state, or local governments). Fig. Think about a family who lives in a five bedroom house. Examples of Devolution in Canada. With a bicameral legislature, each state has proportional representation in the Nigerian House of Representatives, but also three Senators per state. This trend was also experienced throughout the world, though perhaps the two most notable instances of devolution occurred in France in the 1980s and the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. Those challenges are rooted in history and countries (also called states) must deal with the boundaries left to them by past generations. Let's look at it this way: a region may have different needs and interests than the rest of the nation and feel that the federal government isn't serving or even hearing them. Devolution has also occurred in Finland, where the government has granted significant autonomy to the largely Swedish-speaking population of the land Islands; in Spain, where regional governments (particularly the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and Andalusia) have enjoyed extensive powers; and in Italy, where several regions have been granted special autonomy by the central government. Updates? Nigeria is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory; there are 774 local government areas. Some may be largely symbolic, while others can speak for entire cultural groups on many important issues. )Which of the following examples would be considered a devolutionary force? All Rights Reserved 2021 Theme: Prefer by. Jeremy taught elementary school for 18 years in in the United States and in Switzerland. The two nations were engaged in military battles for years, so it's understandable that the Scots don't want to live under the same laws as the English. A federal state gives local political units like states or provinces within that country a measure of power. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. Social issues due to different languages, cultures, or religions can lead to devolution. For example, the European Union has played a role in encouraging devolution within its member states as a way to promote regional integration and cooperation. Devolution is a form of decentralization in federal states. This rule applies to all the rooms. Devolutionary Forces Flashcards | Quizlet Legal and constitutional frameworks: The legal and constitutional frameworks in place can also shape the devolutionary process. - Definition, History & Examples, Strict & Loose Constructions of the Constitution, U.S. Meanwhile, tensions in Northern Ireland were running high. The attic kids, however, find it impossible to cool down their room in the summer because it gets so hot during the day. . The European Union and Supranationalism - GitHub Pages The 1998 Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) granted Northern Ireland its own parliament, restoring the political autonomy it had lost when direct rule from London was imposed in the 1970s. When the Labour government of Tony Blair won power in 1997, it pledged to introduce another set of devolution proposals. So, what can you expect to be on the AP Human Geography exam? The term is named after the Balkans, a region in southeastern Europe that has a long history of political instability and conflict. Have all your study materials in one place. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. 3b. Constitutional Democracy: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to the Study of American Government: Help and Review, The Spread of Democratic Ideals During the Revolutionary War, The Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and Shays Rebellion, The Constitutional Convention: The Great Compromise, The Ratification of the Constitution and the New U.S. Government, The US Constitution: Preamble, Articles and Amendments, Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government, The Bill of Rights: The Constitution's First 10 Amendments, Bicameral Legislature: Definition & Features, What is Representative Democracy? Examples of spatial factors causing devolution are Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesians. Some of the world's most contentious and vexing disputes involve territory in: Crimea. There are several challenges to the political-territorial world order dominated by national governments. Independence: Devolution becomes desirable when smaller regions want to break from the central government and become an independent state. Unlike in earlier republics, the Fourth Republic has seen the dominance of two major political parties (All Progressives Congress and People's Democratic Party) who vie for seats at the state and federal levels. Here are a few examples of autonomous regions: Catalonia: Catalonia is an autonomous region in northeastern Spain with its own parliament, government, and language. Spatial factors are another force at play in devolution. It turns out that you can try a strategy called devolution, and if you do it right, and carefully, through a federal system, you can keep your country whole. Balkanization can be caused by a variety of factors, including ethnic or cultural tensions, the presence of strong regional or local identities, and the influence of external actors. Though the ethnic hatreds across Nigeria involving Fulani cannot be understated, it is the pastoralists' encroachment on the former Biafra separatist region in the southeast that is creating the greatest devolutionary threat. French Devolution | National Review Corrections? The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. 2 0 obj Usman dan Fodio founded what state in the 1800s? DEVOLUTION. Devolution is often seen as a way to address regional or local differences and to give more control to the people who are most affected by certain policies. Many smaller regions desire to break away from their central governing body to become their own sovereign nation. Sometimes, these boundaries change suddenly because of armed conflict or states change gradually through the process of devolution. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. How do you use the Oghma Infinium multiple times? The British kept Muslim states in the North largely intact in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and governed them indirectly. This type of dispute is still evident today in the Horn of Africa. Throughout history, there has been a tendency for governments to centralize power. The table below shows and explains three important historical reasons for devolution. If it doesn't work, as with devolution in Sudan, your country can collapse anyway, spiralling into chaos. Nigeria's Fourth Republic has stood since then, with multiple peaceful transfers of power from administration to administration. Alternatively, a region may be populated by a particular ethnicity that has its own identity different than the dominant ethnic identity in the nation. Those countries were either dictatorships or had fragile democratic systems, but even advanced democracies with devolved powers (e.g., Spain, Canada, UK), also have regions where sentiment and actions have favored secession. Factors such as the presence of strong regional or local political parties or movements, the level of support for devolution among the public, and the willingness of the central government to cede power can all shape the devolutionary process. Learn more about our school licenses here. In Canada, devolution has granted Quebec more . The southern states had different political views when it came to slavery and wanted to have their own laws regarding slaves. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. Belgium is distinctly divided into two distinct regions, the Flemish in the north and the Walloons in the south. Economic Devolutionary Forces Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements 3a. She's still a member of the household, but she can make more decisions for herself. Here are a few examples of historical devolution. Economic forces can cause devolution as well. There were also stark divisions between the religions of Christianity and Islam. Devolution DEFINITION: The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government BALKANIZATION vs. DEVOLUTION Balkanization usually results in a new independent State. More power to regions (petitioning for /formation of new legislatures, local control over policy, Local ethno-nationalism (linguistic/religious revival), Political instability (civil war, fighting, hostility, ethnic cleansing, conflict), Economic instability (economy declining, with supporting explanation). Canada has numerous examples of devolution within its asymmetric federal system. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. It can also help to reduce the burden on the central government and allow it to focus on issues of national importance. Download updated posters summarizing the main topics and structure for each AP exam. All of the following factors can be considered devolutionary forces With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss the changes resulting from supranationalism, C. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss three changes resulting from devolution, Discuss three changes resulting from devolution in Europe (3 points). Somalia is in dispute with Ethiopia over the rights of Somalis living in the contested border between the two states. However, they can also exist within unitary states, where they are granted a degree of self-governance by the central government. Yugoslavia ethnic and religious, violent "ethnic cleansing", separate nations Balkanization. Show answer Answer Ambazonia Show question Question The military governed reunited Nigeria until 1979 when there was a 4-year democratic interlude called the Second Nigerian Republic, with a new constitution. The recent military occupation by Russian forces and subsequent referendum to join Russia . . The central government still has some influence, such as borrowing money and levying taxes, but the local regions maintain a very large area of local control. In 2014, Scotland held a vote for full independence. 2: Biafra map (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg) by Eric Gaba (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Sting) licensed by CC BY-S.A 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Fig. Devolution does not involve a change to the government's constitution, so the authority given to the local levels can be taken away at any time. A. For the Free Response section of the AP Human Geography exam, we have included an example from the 2005 AP Human Geography Exam. Devolution usually refers to the transfer of power from higher to lower levels of government. Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? Can threaten the territorial integrity of the state itself. What system of government does Nigeria use? That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Some examples include a shared religion, external threats, a stable government, and a common language. 2 - Outline of the Republic of Biafra (approximate borders), 1967-1970. Examples of devolution include systems in place in Canada, Spain, Belgium, the UK, and Nigeria. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale. Devolution is the process of decentralization where a central government relinquishing power to smaller governing regions. This issue might cause the basement and attic kids to approach the parents and ask if they could make their own rules regarding climate control because the current rules don't work for their situation. PDF AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Scoring Guidelines - College Board <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Corruption has become endemic in Nigeria's open, democratic system. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Catalan culture and language, and to give the people of Catalonia more control over their own affairs. Territories and boundaries are important ways of delineating space and have been the cause of conflict over the years. AP HUG Free-Response Questions (FRQ) - Past Prompts Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. In terms of religion, Nigeria has historically had extreme tensions between and among Muslims and Christians, and between both these groups and practitioners of traditional religions. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The term is often used to describe situations where ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences within a country lead to the fragmentation of the state into smaller units. B. Another ethnic minority seeking more autonomy are the Tamils in Sri Lanka. Sub-nationalists may seek to establish or strengthen the powers of regional or local governments, or they may advocate for the creation of an autonomous region or even independence from the central government. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Scottish culture and traditions, and to give the people of Scotland more control over their own affairs. All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. What is devolution? Economy Some of the key factors that can shape the devolutionary process include: Political context: The political context, including the balance of power between different levels of government and the broader political landscape, can have a significant impact on the devolutionary process. In other cases, devolution may involve the transfer of fiscal powers, such as the ability to raise and spend revenue, or the power to legislate on certain issues. In Spain, in 1979, Basque and Catalonia signed autonomy agreements where they have their own parliaments, their languages have official status, and they have control over education and taxation. This desire for greater autonomy can lead to protest, and even violence. Solved 1.)Which of the following examples would be | Chegg.com In the South, the British engaged in Christian missionary activity, with discriminatory treatment toward people who held onto their traditional religions, who were seen as "backward" and "savages.". Countries such as Spain and Nigeria face devolutionary pressures. Nationalism and decolonization are important factors to view when considering reasons why a region under a central government would want to devolve and become more autonomous. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The _______ was the British-governed territory in northern Nigeria? It's made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and is governed by Parliament in London. This question is concerned with the political geography concepts of supra-nationalism and devolution. However, devolution can strengthen these ethno-regional identities, and sometimes that can strengthen the desire for independence. Flemish independence movement: The Flemish independence movement is a political movement in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium, that seeks independence from Belgium. There were also proposals to introduce regional assemblies in England. The U.S central government was not willing to allow the states to make their own laws regarding slaves, so the South fought back. Devolution became a major political issue in the United Kingdom beginning in the early 1970s. - Definition & Examples, What Is House Arrest? Once associated with revolution, France now specializes in devolution, the steady descent of its economic indicators. . Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. To ease this tension, the U.K. and Northern Ireland signed the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement. Yugoslavia was ruled by Tito for many decades after WWII as a member of the non-aligned movement. 311 lessons. Those actors can and do affect nations sovereignty and have been dealt with in many ways, from conciliatory to harshly. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Its 100% free. Devolution - Federalism in America - CSF Professor of Political Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, and Director of Policy and Research at Search for Common Ground USA. Sharia law was mentioned above; English law is inherited from the UK; Common law is comprised of the laws that have been passed since independence. Nigeria is far more ethnically diverse than Europe, a continent that is still not united and has escalated its conflicts to the level of world wars. More importantly to you as a citizen of planet Earth, understanding political geography helps you to make sense of the news headlines reporting conflicts and territorial disputes on a daily basis. Tibet: Tibet is an autonomous region in China with a high degree of self-governance and a unique cultural and religious identity. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Boundaries are thin, invisible markers that can be cultural, physical, or both. This trend was also experienced throughout the world, though perhaps the two most notable instances of devolution occurred in France in the 1980s and the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Also if there is a very large state it is harder to control, making regions want to break off. Answer: Divisive forces threaten a country's sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. In the U.K. and Spain, two of the most well-known devolved countries, separatist terrorist groups perpetrated acts of violence for decades. The theory that the political state was a living organism was used by Germany to expand and occupy its neighbors during World War II. Appropriate analogy aside, devolution is a process in which a central government of a country grants powers to subnational governments (e.g. Farmers resent crop destruction by cattle; pastoralists resent farmers blocking cattle from free movement and water sources. However, it can also be seen as a way to recognize and respect the diversity of a country and to give more control to the people who are most affected by certain policies.

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